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 Gastric Cancer_🧑‍🔬 Gastric cancer, commonly referred to as stomach cancer, is a malignant condition that originates in the lining of the stomach. It is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, though its incidence has declined in many developed countries due to improvements in food preservation and Helicobacter pylori infection control. Types of Gastric Cancer The most common type of gastric cancer is adenocarcinoma, which arises from the glandular cells of the stomach lining.Less common types include: Lymphoma: Cancer of the immune tissue in the stomach wall Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): Arising from the muscle or connective tissue Carcinoid tumors: Originating from hormone-producing cells Causes and Risk Factors Gastric cancer often develops slowly over many years. Risk factors include: Helicobacter pylori infection: A major risk factor Diet: High intake of smoked, salted, or pickled foods Smoking and alcohol: Increase risk Family history: ...

 Prostate Cancer: Early Symptoms and Warning Signs Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting men, particularly those over the age of 50. It develops in the prostate gland—a small, walnut-shaped gland that produces seminal fluid. Because it usually grows slowly, many men may not experience symptoms in the early stages. However, understanding the starting symptoms can help in early detection and treatment. Understanding the Prostate The prostate is part of the male reproductive system, located just below the bladder and in front of the rectum. It surrounds the urethra, the tube through which urine exits the body. Why Early Detection Matters Prostate cancer often doesn’t show symptoms right away, but as the tumor grows or spreads, it can interfere with normal urinary and sexual functions. Identifying early signs can lead to timely diagnosis and potentially life-saving treatment. Starting Symptoms of Prostate Cancer While many men with early prostate cancer may have n...

A Breakthrough in Reproductive Medicine Introduction Uterus transplant surgery is a revolutionary medical procedure that offers hope to women with absolute uterine factor infertility (AUFI)—a condition where a woman is either born without a uterus or has had it removed or damaged. This groundbreaking surgery enables women to conceive and carry a pregnancy, providing a new path to biological motherhood. History and Development The first successful uterus transplant was performed in Sweden in 2013, leading to the birth of a healthy baby in 2014. Since then, several transplants have been performed worldwide, with ongoing advancements improving success rates and safety. The procedure can involve either a living or deceased donor. Procedure Overview Recipient Selection : Ideal candidates are women of reproductive age with AUFI, good overall health, and a strong desire for childbirth. Donor Selection : Donors can be living (often relatives) or deceased. Screening ensures compatibility and ov...

Trisomy 21 with Increased Nuchal Translucency (NT) Introduction Trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. It is one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities, affecting approximately 1 in 700 live births. Prenatal screening plays a crucial role in early detection, and increased nuchal translucency (NT) is one of the key ultrasound markers associated with Down syndrome. Understanding Nuchal Translucency (NT) Nuchal translucency refers to the fluid-filled space at the back of a fetus’s neck, which can be measured via ultrasound between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation. An increased NT measurement is often associated with chromosomal abnormalities, congenital heart defects, and genetic syndromes, including Trisomy 21. Normal vs. Increased NT Measurements Normal NT : Typically less than 3.0 mm. Increased NT : Greater than 3.0 mm, which raises suspicion for chromosomal abnormalities. Trisomy 21 and NT Measu...

 Anatomy and Physiological Changes in the Breast During Pregnancy Introduction During pregnancy, a woman’s body undergoes significant changes to prepare for childbirth and breastfeeding. Among these changes, the breasts experience remarkable anatomical and physiological transformations. These changes are primarily driven by hormonal fluctuations that ensure the breast tissue develops adequately for lactation. 1. Anatomical Changes in the Breast During Pregnancy a) Increase in Breast Size The breasts enlarge due to increased blood flow and the expansion of glandular tissue. Fat deposition also contributes to the increase in size. b) Changes in the Areola and Nipple The areola (the dark skin around the nipple) becomes larger and darker due to increased melanin production. Montgomery’s tubercles (small bumps on the areola) become more prominent, secreting oils that lubricate and protect the nipple during breastfeeding. The nipples may become more sensitive and protrude more prominentl...

 Ovarian tumors  are abnormal growths that develop in the ovaries. While some are benign, others may be cancerous, posing a significant health risk, especially after menopause. Postmenopausal ovarian tumors require careful evaluation to rule out malignancy. Causes and Risk Factors While the exact cause of ovarian tumors is unknown, several factors increase the risk, including: Age: Risk increases with age, particularly after menopause. Family History: A history of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer in close relatives. Genetic Mutations: BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations raise the likelihood of ovarian cancer. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Long-term use of estrogen or combined HRT. Endometriosis: A history of this condition can increase the risk. Obesity: Being overweight is associated with a higher risk of ovarian cancer. Types of Ovarian Tumors After Menopause Benign Ovarian Tumors: Cystadenomas: Fluid-filled, often non-cancerous growths. Fibromas: Solid tumors mad...