Uterine cancer-Endometrial cancer

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 Introduction

Uterine cancer, also known as endometrial cancer, is a type of cancer that begins in the uterus, the organ where fetal development occurs during pregnancy. It primarily affects the endometrium, the lining of the uterus, and is one of the most common gynecological cancers.


Types of Uterine Cancer

There are two main types of uterine cancer:

Endometrial Carcinoma: This is the most common form, starting in the cells of the endometrium. Subtypes include endometrioid adenocarcinoma, serous carcinoma, and clear cell carcinoma.

Uterine Sarcoma: This rarer type forms in the muscles or other supporting tissues of the uterus. Examples include leiomyosarcoma and endometrial stromal sarcoma.

Risk Factors

Several factors can increase the risk of developing uterine cancer:

Age: Most cases occur in women over the age of 50.

Hormone Imbalance: Excess estrogen, particularly when not balanced by progesterone, can increase risk. Conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can contribute to this imbalance.

Obesity: Fat tissue can produce estrogen, increasing risk.

Reproductive History: Women who have never been pregnant are at higher risk.

Genetic Factors: Conditions such as Lynch syndrome can increase the risk.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of uterine cancer include:

Abnormal vaginal bleeding, particularly after menopause

Pelvic pain or pressure

Pain during intercourse

Unexplained weight loss

Frequent urination

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of uterine cancer typically involves:

Pelvic Examination: Initial physical examination by a healthcare provider.

Transvaginal Ultrasound: Imaging to visualize the uterus.

Endometrial Biopsy: Sampling of endometrial tissue for laboratory analysis.

Dilation and Curettage (D&C): A more comprehensive method to obtain endometrial tissue if a biopsy is inconclusive.

Treatment

Treatment options depend on the stage and type of cancer and the patient’s overall health:

Surgery: The primary treatment, usually involving a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) and possibly removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes.

Radiation Therapy: Used to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors before surgery.

Chemotherapy: Uses drugs to destroy cancer cells, often used if cancer has spread beyond the uterus.

Hormone Therapy: Used to block the effects of estrogen on endometrial cancer cells, suitable for certain types of cancer.

Prognosis

The prognosis for uterine cancer is generally favorable if diagnosed early. The five-year survival rate for localized uterine cancer is around 95%, but it decreases significantly if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. Regular screenings and attention to symptoms are crucial for early detection.

Prevention

While there is no sure way to prevent uterine cancer, certain measures can reduce risk:

Maintaining a Healthy Weight: Reduces estrogen levels produced by fat tissue.

Managing Hormone Levels: Using the lowest effective dose of hormone therapy and monitoring reproductive health.

Regular Screening: Especially for those with a family history or genetic predisposition.

Conclusion

Uterine cancer is a significant health concern, particularly for postmenopausal women. Awareness of risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options can aid in early detection and improve outcomes. Regular medical check-ups and a healthy lifestyle are key components in reducing the risk of this disease.

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